Thursday, March 15, 2012
Assignment #16: Research and Inspiration
Thursday, March 8, 2012
Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD
What is an abacus?
An abacus is an old tool that is used for performing math calculations.
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
He produced the first computer that was freely programmable. It was called the Z1.
Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
It was used by the navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
UNIVAC was used by the Census Bureau.What does UNIVAC stand for?
Universal Automatic Computer
In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
International Business Machines
What is FORTRAN?
The first high-level programing language.
Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
He created the mouse and made the computer more user-friendly.
What is the significance of ARPnet?
It was the first internet which allowed the protection of information flow between military installations.
In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
The first single chip microprocessor.
In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
A floppy disk
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
The first ethernet computer network.
During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.
In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package? The MS-DOS operating system was packaged with the IBM PC
Post a photo of the Lisa computer.
In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Apple did.
What is GUI? Graphical user interface.
Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
It was the Apple Macintosh, and it was marketed by Apple.
The commercial only ran one time. When?
It ran on January 22, 1984.
In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
The Windows operating system.
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
1990-1991
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
A hidden message/joke in any form of media.
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
If you click 'About Photoshop' and speed up the scrolling of the text, and click the version number after the text is done scrolling, a slide show of amusing text shows up. In Illustrator CS5, you can click 'Select' after making a new document while holding 'L'. Once 'Show' is clicked on the new menu, a variety of options such as eyes are available.
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years? In the next 10 years, computers will be able to remove a great deal of hassle from our shoulders. It may soon be that nearly everything is controlled by computers. However, it must also be remembered that they can be misused to new heights in the next decade.
Altair
Apple I
Apple II
TRS- 80
Commodore PET
An abacus is an old tool that is used for performing math calculations.
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
He produced the first computer that was freely programmable. It was called the Z1.
Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
It was used by the navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
UNIVAC was used by the Census Bureau.What does UNIVAC stand for?
Universal Automatic Computer
In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
International Business Machines
What is FORTRAN?
The first high-level programing language.
Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
He created the mouse and made the computer more user-friendly.
What is the significance of ARPnet?
It was the first internet which allowed the protection of information flow between military installations.
In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
The first single chip microprocessor.
In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
A floppy disk
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
The first ethernet computer network.
During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.
In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package? The MS-DOS operating system was packaged with the IBM PC
Post a photo of the Lisa computer.
In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Apple did.
What is GUI? Graphical user interface.
Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
It was the Apple Macintosh, and it was marketed by Apple.
The commercial only ran one time. When?
It ran on January 22, 1984.
In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
The Windows operating system.
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
1990-1991
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
A hidden message/joke in any form of media.
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
If you click 'About Photoshop' and speed up the scrolling of the text, and click the version number after the text is done scrolling, a slide show of amusing text shows up. In Illustrator CS5, you can click 'Select' after making a new document while holding 'L'. Once 'Show' is clicked on the new menu, a variety of options such as eyes are available.
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years? In the next 10 years, computers will be able to remove a great deal of hassle from our shoulders. It may soon be that nearly everything is controlled by computers. However, it must also be remembered that they can be misused to new heights in the next decade.
Monday, March 5, 2012
Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD
Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?
Engravings or woodcuts were used.
What is a camera obscura?
An optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.
Post an example of a camera obscura.
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
It was used to observe solar eclipses and phases of the moon.
From where did the photographic camera develop?
The portable box version of the camera obscura.
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
Sir John Herschel first used the term "photography". It is derived from the Greek words for light and writing.
Post an the first photograph.
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
Joseph Niepce
Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Louis Daguerre invented the Daguerreotype process. The process reduced the time needed to make photographs. However, the process was expensive, and the image could not be duplicated.
Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? William Fox Talbot invented the Calotype process. An unlimited amount of duplicates could be made, but the quality of the image was affected by experimentations.
Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? Frederick Scott Archer invented the Wet Collodion process. The process reduced the exposure time and costs. A much sharper image was produced. Darkrooms and other equipment had to be portable.
Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Richard Maddox invented the Dry Plate process. The disadvantage was that this process still made photography too complicated for the general public. The advantage was that the gelatin still is the base of film even today.
Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish? George Eastman is the inventor of roll film, a photographic medium that is coated on paper rolls. He established the Eastman Kodak company.
Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
He introduced the camera called the 'Brownie'. It just sold for $1.
What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish? Edwin Land is best known for inventing instant photography. He founded the Polaroid Corporation.
Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
60 seconds.
What was Eadweard Muybridge known for? He was known for starting motion picture photography.
Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
What is the Zoopraxiscope? A device used to show images in successive pages of motion.
Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion? He set up a system of cameras that were triggered by a thread when the horse was in motion.
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this? It allowed for the capturing of several individual images on a single film reel.
Post a photo of a motion picture projector.
What is a motion picture projector? A device that shines a light through a piece of film and magnifies a "moving picture" onto a screen for an audience.
Engravings or woodcuts were used.
What is a camera obscura?
An optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.
Post an example of a camera obscura.
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
It was used to observe solar eclipses and phases of the moon.
From where did the photographic camera develop?
The portable box version of the camera obscura.
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
Sir John Herschel first used the term "photography". It is derived from the Greek words for light and writing.
Post an the first photograph.
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
Joseph Niepce
Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Louis Daguerre invented the Daguerreotype process. The process reduced the time needed to make photographs. However, the process was expensive, and the image could not be duplicated.
Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? William Fox Talbot invented the Calotype process. An unlimited amount of duplicates could be made, but the quality of the image was affected by experimentations.
Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? Frederick Scott Archer invented the Wet Collodion process. The process reduced the exposure time and costs. A much sharper image was produced. Darkrooms and other equipment had to be portable.
Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Richard Maddox invented the Dry Plate process. The disadvantage was that this process still made photography too complicated for the general public. The advantage was that the gelatin still is the base of film even today.
Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish? George Eastman is the inventor of roll film, a photographic medium that is coated on paper rolls. He established the Eastman Kodak company.
Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
He introduced the camera called the 'Brownie'. It just sold for $1.
What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish? Edwin Land is best known for inventing instant photography. He founded the Polaroid Corporation.
Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
60 seconds.
What was Eadweard Muybridge known for? He was known for starting motion picture photography.
Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
What is the Zoopraxiscope? A device used to show images in successive pages of motion.
Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion? He set up a system of cameras that were triggered by a thread when the horse was in motion.
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this? It allowed for the capturing of several individual images on a single film reel.
Post a photo of a motion picture projector.
What is a motion picture projector? A device that shines a light through a piece of film and magnifies a "moving picture" onto a screen for an audience.
Assignment 15 research and inspiration
The first picture in this post is a good inspiration because it gives a good idea about how an entire page of text was created. I liked the other two samples because they gave a good idea about the design of the initial cap.
Sunday, March 4, 2012
The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD
Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
Christopher Shole
What is a "stenographer"?
Some one good in writing down spoken words. Post an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
He thought that stenographers would be one of types of people to extensively use it.
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
It still took a long to to typeset and copy notes.
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler
What is meant by "typesetting"?
Arranging text in a readable format. Post an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
Type was cast from a metal matrix.
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
Type could be set for more pages on a daily basis.Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
There was not shift key, so uppercase letters had separate keys than lowercase letters. Post an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
An assembled line of type for the linotype machinePost an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?
It allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand.
Christopher Shole
What is a "stenographer"?
Some one good in writing down spoken words. Post an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
He thought that stenographers would be one of types of people to extensively use it.
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
It still took a long to to typeset and copy notes.
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler
What is meant by "typesetting"?
Arranging text in a readable format. Post an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
Type was cast from a metal matrix.
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
Type could be set for more pages on a daily basis.Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
There was not shift key, so uppercase letters had separate keys than lowercase letters. Post an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
An assembled line of type for the linotype machinePost an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?
It allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand.
The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD
What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
Inventing the printing press, a device which could print with movable type.
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.
How did the printing press work?
Ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set block letters held within a wood form. The form was pressed against a sheet of paper.
What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
His observance of the work of goldsmiths and jewelers and his love for reading.
Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
Woodcuts were not durable, and new ones had to repeatedly be made.
Post an example of movable type in a type case.
What is moveable type?
The system of printing that uses moveable components to reproduce the elements of a document.
What is a matrix?
A hard metal punch shaped like a character that is hammered into a copper bar.
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
Oil-based ink
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
Paper is made from wood pulp. It originated from China.
What is a "substrate"?
A substance underneath something on which a process occurs.
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?
What was the first book he printed?Post an example of this book.
Johan Fust and Peter Schaffer. Gutenberg was sued by Fust and made to hand over everything to Fust. The first book he printed was the Bible.
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
It perfected script and made it easier to read. Books were made more rapidly. Current information could also be shared locally and around the world. It also increased the literacy rate and reduced the cost of books.
Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton
What was the early form of newspapers?
Trade newsletters
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
The first news weekly was started in Boston, Massachusetts; it was called The Boston Letter. What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s? The steam powered rotary press.
Post an example of a 1930s printing press.
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
The act of pressing one thing onto the surface of the other.
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process? The Gutenberg press is an example of relief printing. Movable type was put into the press, ink was spread over the type, and paper was placed on top. The press directly applied the pressure needed to transfer the ink to the paper.
Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred? Intaglio printing is called printmaking. The image area is etched onto the plate surface. Ink is then applied and rubbed with a cloth in order to remove excess. Damp paper is then placed on top, and pressure is applied to transfer the ink.
Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred? Porous printing is a basic stencil process. Ink is transferred by forcing it through open mesh areas in an image carrier.
Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred? Lithography is printing from a flat surface. Drawing is done with greasy ink, and water is applied. When ink is spread on top, it is applied to the greasy parts, but not to the watery parts.
Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset lithography.
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
One does not have to do manual hand-work to operate a printing press anymore.
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
Four colors are used in CMYK printing. They are cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. The more colors are added, the dark the result becomes. Combining cyan, magenta, and yellow together creates black. The absence of all 3 of them is white.
Inventing the printing press, a device which could print with movable type.
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.
How did the printing press work?
Ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set block letters held within a wood form. The form was pressed against a sheet of paper.
What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
His observance of the work of goldsmiths and jewelers and his love for reading.
Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
Woodcuts were not durable, and new ones had to repeatedly be made.
Post an example of movable type in a type case.
What is moveable type?
The system of printing that uses moveable components to reproduce the elements of a document.
What is a matrix?
A hard metal punch shaped like a character that is hammered into a copper bar.
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
Oil-based ink
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
Paper is made from wood pulp. It originated from China.
What is a "substrate"?
A substance underneath something on which a process occurs.
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?
What was the first book he printed?Post an example of this book.
Johan Fust and Peter Schaffer. Gutenberg was sued by Fust and made to hand over everything to Fust. The first book he printed was the Bible.
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
It perfected script and made it easier to read. Books were made more rapidly. Current information could also be shared locally and around the world. It also increased the literacy rate and reduced the cost of books.
Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton
What was the early form of newspapers?
Trade newsletters
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
The first news weekly was started in Boston, Massachusetts; it was called The Boston Letter. What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s? The steam powered rotary press.
Post an example of a 1930s printing press.
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
The act of pressing one thing onto the surface of the other.
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process? The Gutenberg press is an example of relief printing. Movable type was put into the press, ink was spread over the type, and paper was placed on top. The press directly applied the pressure needed to transfer the ink to the paper.
Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred? Intaglio printing is called printmaking. The image area is etched onto the plate surface. Ink is then applied and rubbed with a cloth in order to remove excess. Damp paper is then placed on top, and pressure is applied to transfer the ink.
Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred? Porous printing is a basic stencil process. Ink is transferred by forcing it through open mesh areas in an image carrier.
Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred? Lithography is printing from a flat surface. Drawing is done with greasy ink, and water is applied. When ink is spread on top, it is applied to the greasy parts, but not to the watery parts.
Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset lithography.
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
One does not have to do manual hand-work to operate a printing press anymore.
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
Four colors are used in CMYK printing. They are cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. The more colors are added, the dark the result becomes. Combining cyan, magenta, and yellow together creates black. The absence of all 3 of them is white.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)